Soil Preparation: Difference between revisions

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The usual methods of soil preparation in South-East European Countries are subsoiling, mechanical terracing, and mechanical or manual preparation of planting holes. On karst terrains in Croatia, afforestation by ''Pinus nigra'' and ''P. pinaster'' Aiton after subsoiling resulted in higher survival and growth rates compared to planting in pickaxe, and mechanically drilled holes (Tomašević 1994<ref>Tomašević A (1994) Undermining as first stage of soil preparation for afforestation. [In Croatian: Podrivanje kao prva faza pripreme tla za pošumljavanje] Šumarski list 5-6: 173-181.</ref>). Subsoiling with a bulldozer promoted higher survival of ''Pinus halepensis'' Miller (Barberá et al. 2005<ref>Barberá GG, Martínez-Fernández F, Álvarez-Rogel J, Albaladejo J, Castillo V (2005) Short- and intermediate-term effects of site and plant preparation techniques on reforestation of a Mediterranean semiarid ecosystem with ''Pinus halepensis'' Mill. New Forest 29 (2): 177-198. doi:10.1007/s11056-005-0248-6.</ref>; Jelić 2012<ref name=":0">Jelić G (2012) Effects of container type and field preparation on afforestation success in Mediterranean area [In Croatian: Utjecaj vrste kontejnera i pripreme tla na uspjeh pošumljavanja u sredozemnom području]. Doctoral Thesis. University of Zagreb - Faculty of Forestry.</ref>), ''Quercus ilex'' (Palacios et al. 2009<ref>Palacios G, Cerrillo N M R, Campo A, Toral M (2009) Site preparation, stock quality and planting date effect on early establishment of Holm oak (''Quercus ilex'' L.) seedlings. Ecological Engineering 35 (1): 38-46. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2008.09.006</ref>, Jelić 2012<ref name=":0" />), ''Cupressus sempervirens'' var''. pyramidalis'' L., ''Pinus pinaster'', and ''Pinus pinea'' L. (Jelić 2012<ref name=":0" />) than holes made with an excavator in reforestation of a semiarid Mediterranean ecosystem. On some extreme sites with a shallow soil layer, explosives can be used for breaking the bed rock and creating an initial opening for a planting hole. At planting time, these holes are filled with soil from nearby forests. Used for afforestation of container ''Pinus nigra'' seedlings in Serbia, reported first year survival rate was 100% (Škorić et al. 1997)<ref>Škorić M, Krsmanović I, Ristić R, Đorđević U (1997) Application of explosive in afforestation on “Ellipse”. Proceeding book of the 3<sup>rd</sup> ICFWST 97, September 29th – October 3rd, 1997, Belgrade and Mt. Goč, Serbia, Yugoslavia. pp 178-181.</ref> and 15 years after planting, this afforestation is considered successful (see the  pictures).[[File:Boom 1996.jpg|thumb|Opening of planting holes by explosive on Mt Goč, Central Serbia in 1996]]
The usual methods of soil preparation in South-East European Countries are subsoiling, mechanical terracing, and mechanical or manual preparation of planting holes. On karst terrains in Croatia, afforestation by ''Pinus nigra'' and ''P. pinaster'' Aiton after subsoiling resulted in higher survival and growth rates compared to planting in pickaxe, and mechanically drilled holes (Tomašević 1994<ref>Tomašević A (1994) Undermining as first stage of soil preparation for afforestation. [In Croatian: Podrivanje kao prva faza pripreme tla za pošumljavanje] Šumarski list 5-6: 173-181.</ref>). Subsoiling with a bulldozer promoted higher survival of ''Pinus halepensis'' Miller (Barberá et al. 2005<ref>Barberá GG, Martínez-Fernández F, Álvarez-Rogel J, Albaladejo J, Castillo V (2005) Short- and intermediate-term effects of site and plant preparation techniques on reforestation of a Mediterranean semiarid ecosystem with ''Pinus halepensis'' Mill. New Forest 29 (2): 177-198. doi:10.1007/s11056-005-0248-6.</ref>; Jelić 2012<ref name=":0">Jelić G (2012) Effects of container type and field preparation on afforestation success in Mediterranean area [In Croatian: Utjecaj vrste kontejnera i pripreme tla na uspjeh pošumljavanja u sredozemnom području]. Doctoral Thesis. University of Zagreb - Faculty of Forestry.</ref>), ''Quercus ilex'' (Palacios et al. 2009<ref>Palacios G, Cerrillo N M R, Campo A, Toral M (2009) Site preparation, stock quality and planting date effect on early establishment of Holm oak (''Quercus ilex'' L.) seedlings. Ecological Engineering 35 (1): 38-46. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2008.09.006</ref>, Jelić 2012<ref name=":0" />), ''Cupressus sempervirens'' var''. pyramidalis'' L., ''Pinus pinaster'', and ''Pinus pinea'' L. (Jelić 2012<ref name=":0" />) than holes made with an excavator in reforestation of a semiarid Mediterranean ecosystem. On some extreme sites with a shallow soil layer, explosives can be used for breaking the bed rock and creating an initial opening for a planting hole. At planting time, these holes are filled with soil from nearby forests. Used for afforestation of container ''Pinus nigra'' seedlings in Serbia, reported first year survival rate was 100% (Škorić et al. 1997)<ref>Škorić M, Krsmanović I, Ristić R, Đorđević U (1997) Application of explosive in afforestation on “Ellipse”. Proceeding book of the 3<sup>rd</sup> ICFWST 97, September 29th – October 3rd, 1997, Belgrade and Mt. Goč, Serbia, Yugoslavia. pp 178-181.</ref> and 15 years after planting, this afforestation is considered successful (see the  pictures).[[File:Boom 1996.jpg|thumb|Opening of planting holes by explosive on Mt Goč, Central Serbia in 1996]]


[[File:Boom 2012.jpg|thumb|Successful reforestation after the opening planting holes by explosive in 2012.]]
[[File:Boom 2012.jpg|thumb|Successful reforestation after the opening planting holes by explosive Successful reforestation after the opening planting holes by explosive on Mt Goč, Central Serbia in 2012.]]
== References ==
== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Pre-planting-site preparation]]

Revision as of 23:46, 14 October 2022

The usual methods of soil preparation in South-East European Countries are subsoiling, mechanical terracing, and mechanical or manual preparation of planting holes. On karst terrains in Croatia, afforestation by Pinus nigra and P. pinaster Aiton after subsoiling resulted in higher survival and growth rates compared to planting in pickaxe, and mechanically drilled holes (Tomašević 1994[1]). Subsoiling with a bulldozer promoted higher survival of Pinus halepensis Miller (Barberá et al. 2005[2]; Jelić 2012[3]), Quercus ilex (Palacios et al. 2009[4], Jelić 2012[3]), Cupressus sempervirens var. pyramidalis L., Pinus pinaster, and Pinus pinea L. (Jelić 2012[3]) than holes made with an excavator in reforestation of a semiarid Mediterranean ecosystem. On some extreme sites with a shallow soil layer, explosives can be used for breaking the bed rock and creating an initial opening for a planting hole. At planting time, these holes are filled with soil from nearby forests. Used for afforestation of container Pinus nigra seedlings in Serbia, reported first year survival rate was 100% (Škorić et al. 1997)[5] and 15 years after planting, this afforestation is considered successful (see the pictures).

Opening of planting holes by explosive on Mt Goč, Central Serbia in 1996
Successful reforestation after the opening planting holes by explosive Successful reforestation after the opening planting holes by explosive on Mt Goč, Central Serbia in 2012.

References

  1. Tomašević A (1994) Undermining as first stage of soil preparation for afforestation. [In Croatian: Podrivanje kao prva faza pripreme tla za pošumljavanje] Šumarski list 5-6: 173-181.
  2. Barberá GG, Martínez-Fernández F, Álvarez-Rogel J, Albaladejo J, Castillo V (2005) Short- and intermediate-term effects of site and plant preparation techniques on reforestation of a Mediterranean semiarid ecosystem with Pinus halepensis Mill. New Forest 29 (2): 177-198. doi:10.1007/s11056-005-0248-6.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Jelić G (2012) Effects of container type and field preparation on afforestation success in Mediterranean area [In Croatian: Utjecaj vrste kontejnera i pripreme tla na uspjeh pošumljavanja u sredozemnom području]. Doctoral Thesis. University of Zagreb - Faculty of Forestry.
  4. Palacios G, Cerrillo N M R, Campo A, Toral M (2009) Site preparation, stock quality and planting date effect on early establishment of Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings. Ecological Engineering 35 (1): 38-46. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng. 2008.09.006
  5. Škorić M, Krsmanović I, Ristić R, Đorđević U (1997) Application of explosive in afforestation on “Ellipse”. Proceeding book of the 3rd ICFWST 97, September 29th – October 3rd, 1997, Belgrade and Mt. Goč, Serbia, Yugoslavia. pp 178-181.